B

Bradford Formula

The Bradford Formula is a calculation used by employers to measure and monitor employee absenteeism, focusing on frequent short-term absences that can be more disruptive than occasional long-term absences. It helps HR teams identify patterns of absenteeism that may indicate underlying issues or misuse of leave policies.

What is the Bradford Formula?

The Bradford Formula is expressed as:

B = S × S × D

• B = Bradford Score
• S = Number of separate spells (instances) of absence in a given period
• D = Total number of days absent in the same period

This formula places greater weight on frequent, short absences. For example, three single-day absences result in a higher score than one three-day absence.

Why Use the Bradford Formula?

• Identify potential absenteeism issues early.
• Ensure fair and consistent absence management.
• Support targeted conversations with employees.
• Encourage improved attendance habits.

Example of Bradford Formula Calculation

• Employee A: 1 absence spell of 5 days → Score = 1 × 1 × 5 = 5
• Employee B: 5 absence spells of 1 day each → Score = 5 × 5 × 5 = 125

Despite both missing 5 days, Employee B’s score is significantly higher, signalling greater disruption due to frequent absences.

Limitations and Considerations

• May penalise genuine short-term illnesses.
• Doesn’t consider reasons for absence, such as disability or pregnancy-related leave.
• Rigid use without context can harm trust and employee morale.

Best Practices for HR

• Clearly communicate absence policies to employees.
• Apply the formula consistently across the organisation.
• Combine scores with compassionate conversations to understand underlying causes.
• Avoid penalising protected absences covered by law.
• Use results to develop supportive interventions such as health resources or flexible working options.